[The summarised version of this can be seen at https://thedailyenlightenment.com/2015/05/brief-review-what-if-you-are-a-tulku-recognised-reborn-master]
Who is a tulku? A tulku is anyone who is formally recognised by proficient Buddhist masters to be another Buddhist master reborn. Directed and hosted by Gesar Mukpo, a recognised tulku himself, the documentary ‘Tulku’ presents a thought-provoking probe into how four other modern and relatively young western tulkus grapple with the tension between living lives that seem sensible to them, versus meeting others’ expectations of their religious roles.
Below are some interesting quotes from the conversations featured, followed by comments on them. There are also quotes from Gesar Mukpo’s teacher, Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche (also a tulku), who quipped that ‘We’re still waiting for him [Gesar Mukpo] to do what he is supposed to do.’ He was referring to all with hopes that Gesar Mukpo, aged 34 at the time (in 2009) the film was made, will take up a more significant spiritual role. Lastly, is a conclusion section with several important lessons gleaned from the film.
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Ashoka Mukpo (a recognised tulku): I don’t think that my role is to be a teacher, to be wearing robes and up on a throne. And if that makes me a failed tulku, then maybe that’s just my karma. But I still think that I can be of some kind of benefit to somebody. And that’s what I think being a Buddhist is about. I work at Human Rights Watch, which is a non-profit organisation that monitors human rights conditions in different countries around the world.
Comments: As we see throughout the documentary, Ashoka Mukpo is not the only tulku who does not feel at home with playing a deeper religious role for a larger community – even despite being recognised as being reborn monastic masters. Perhaps there was a vision to be born in the West out of compassion, while lacking a clear plan for advancement with enough wisdom? The truth is, we are not karmically destined to fail at any task. We fail only when we lack the necessary motivation, understanding and efforts to accomplish it. However, it is true that we can benefit sentient beings in many other non-religious ways too.
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Gesar Mukpo: When I was a child, the idea of being a tulku seemed completely normal. By the time I hit my teens, I started to find the whole thing crazy, and I wondered if someone was playing some kind of joke on me. It wasn’t unusual to have one of my father’s students ask me for advice, when I was only 11 or 12 years old. I’ve always felt that I have some kind of obligation that people expected from me, but I could never figure out what exactly it was. And how could I fulfil this obligation if I am just an ordinary person?
Comments: When younger, there is a higher tendency to have clearer memories, if any at all, of who one was in the previous life. When older, any such memories tend to fade if the mind is not further sharpened via training. This is when others’ claims of one being special might even seem to be pranks. Even extraordinary wisdom, that is of great value, as acquired by the unenlightened in a past life, that is useful for advising others might seem amiss now, due to existential forgetfulness spurred by the interruption of death.
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Gesar Mukpo: All of the [western] tulkus that I’ve met have the similar feeling of being lost, or alone, and [there is] no one that they can talk to… When you grow up as a tulku in the West, you can sort of completely flip, not believe, or completely believe it, and you can flip back and forth.
Comments: This problem probably arises from the West lacking a solid supportive and systematic syllabus in nurturing its tulkus. Coupled with high expectations of them, it becomes more confounding as to what is best to believe in and how best to accomplish it.
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Wyatt Arnold (a recognised tulku): The tulku who is recognised is supposed [sic] to be an eighth level Bodhisattva, who has power over karma, power over rebirth, power over time. They can defy the laws of physical science, because their minds are so great, so precise.
Gesar Mukpo: … I try not to think of it in those terms, because that is just sort of, too unbelievable.
Comments: Not all tulkus are great Bodhisattvas with great powers as stated, because if they truly are, they would also have great clarity of wisdom, that does not backslide or diminish, which is the opposite of having much confusion, that the western tulkus in the documentary present.
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Reuben Derksen (a recognised tulku): When I was young, I had memories of the previous life, and so my mother was writing those down, and kind of keeping a journal of what I was saying. And I described the monastery that I grew up in or that I taught in, in my previous life, and some of the events that went on. And I have no memory of this whatsoever now…
Comments: Existential disconnection from life to life due to fading memories is one of the main reasons why we spiritually backslide from life to life. This applies to tulkus too, especially those who are not great ones.
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Gesar Mukpo: (on being disillusioned by bad ‘Buddhists’, paraphrasing Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche) There is a difference between Buddhism and Buddhists, and you’d better recognise there is a difference between in order to make any sense out of it. Just because someone is studying Buddhism does not mean that they represent the values of what they talk about. Do you consider yourself a Buddhist still?
Reuben Derksen: No.
Comments: Despite Gesar Mukpo’s attempt to help Reuben Derksen sift true Buddhism from the poor ‘Buddhists’ who let him down, the latter probably still could not see the difference, which is why he says he is no longer a Buddhist? If he truly studied and practised Buddhism more deeply, he would be able to see the true value of Buddhism and remain a Buddhist. We should always look to the Buddhas as role models; not Buddhists who are poor examples.
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Gesar Mukpo: At 16, after spending a year in the monastery, I was feeling homesick and decided that I didn’t want to be there for the rest of my life. I called my mother, and she arranged for me to come back immediately. I’ve often wondered if I had made the right decision.
Comments: As above, even tulkus, especially not great ones, can face self-doubt, time and again, and even retreat from formal Dharma study and practice, possibly leading to regret later.
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Gesar Mukpo: Whether I’m a tulku or not is insignificant. I have a tremendous connection to this monastery and these people, a tremendous connection to my father and this heritage. They will always be a part of me, no matter who I am, what I do. I’ll never know for sure what my father [also a tulku] had in mind [for my future]. There will always be a certain ambiguity. Still, I can’t help but feel that he knew I would figure it out by myself. Having spent time with these [western] tulkus, I found that we have much in common. There’s no certain path for any of us, other than the path of self-discovery. It can be a lonely path, but in the end, it’s the only way anything meaningful is born.
Comments: However, as in the case of Reuben Derksen, who decided that he is not even a Buddhist anymore, his connection to Buddhism has seriously weakened. Will he discover the meaningful path back to Buddhism again in this lifetime? If he does not, will he drift further away? Perhaps the spiritual path will not be so lonely if one’s uncomfortable tulku title is dropped, so as to better integrate with other Buddhists to relearn Buddhism? Without high expectations, of oneself and from anyone else, would it be better or worse?
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Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche: Tibetan lamas, especially high lamas, like the [17th] Karmapa [and others]… beginning to find tulkus in the West is very encouraging. This actually shows there is no sort of nepotism, like you know, the tulkus will always… you know… Westerners, you’re all doomed, you’ll never be a Buddhist reincarnation [tulku]… And this is a great thing. I think there should be more… if it was done properly. Because, from two points, from reincarnation’s point of view, reincarnation does not… you know… like the Tibetans only end up being Tibetans. Transmigration happens everywhere. In fact, some of the high lamas [Dharma masters], for the benefit of sentient beings, they must reincarnate as a bird, or a lizard. But we human beings don’t want to really think in terms of enthroning a lizard as the seat-holder of your big monastery, do you?
Tibetan monasteries, they are very big institutions you know. They own a lot of properties. They are a very big thing in the social structure in Tibet. And wherever there is money, wherever there is power, there is corruption. And there is also fear… You have to have management. So it [i.e. recognising tulkus] could be for the purpose of managing a big institution… this happens to be unanswered in our society like Tibet. In the West, you elect the big guy in the White House, but it doesn’t really happen in places like Tibet.
I don’t think something [i.e. recognising tulkus] like this existed originally in Buddhism. In the sutras and sastras [Buddhist scriptures and commentaries], we never hear or read about Kasyapa [(a disciple of the Buddha), and others, who]… died and then a bunch of monks trying to find their reincarnations. There are mentions of Asvaghoṣa [and others]… who reincarnate, but the actual institution of the culture, the tradition of trying to find the tulkus and enthroning them – all of that is a bit of a Tibetan thing. Started much later I think. And now, I personally think that to hold that culture to institutionalise tulkus, that culture is dying. It’s not going to work any more. And if it doesn’t work, I think it’s almost for the better. If the Tibetans are not careful, this tulku system is going to ruin Buddhism. And at the end of the day, Buddhism is more important than tulku system. Who cares about tulkus, what happens to them?
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Conclusion:
[1] Unless they are accomplished masters with great non-retrogressible attainments (i.e. being no longer subject to spiritual backsliding), due to existential forgetfulness spurred by the interruption of death, young tulkus’ (recognised reborn masters) memories of their previous lives might quickly fade without adequate (re-)training. With less spiritual motivation than before, it can become very challenging trying to spiritually build upon the past life with the present life’s efforts.
[2] Reborn far away from where they used to be, without comprehensive Dharma re-motivation and re-education support systems, some tulkus thus feel uneasy and disconnected between their previously executed and presently expected spiritual roles for the masses. Perhaps there were aspirations to be born beyond their comfort zones out of compassion, while lacking a steady plan powered by enough wisdom for spiritual progression?
[3] Ironically, while there are enough existential connections for some recognised tulkus to ‘return’ to the fold of the Triple Gem (Buddha, Dharma and Sangha), there might not be strong enough connections to regain or deepen the same connections due to changing karmic circumstances and attitudes.
[4] While interviewed tulkus’ remembrance of their past lives speaks proof of the reality of rebirth, their later forgetfulness of their own lives speaks of the ‘terror’ of backsliding. In one shocking case, a tulku became so disillusioned by wayward ‘Buddhists’ encountered when younger, that he says he is no longer a Buddhist. Regretfully, some tulkus might have enough doubt in the Dharma and self-doubt to retreat from Dharma study and practice. However, this can be reversed with further study and practice of authentic teachings of the Buddha via authentic Buddhist teachers.
[5] If even some recognised tulkus with some spiritual support to quickly re-nurture them might backslide, the rest of us, who are not even tulkus surely have much more potential to backslide! Since we are not tulkus, there would be no one keen to look out for us life after life. This means we are in a much more spiritually precarious state! In fact, backsliding can occur within this single lifetime if we do not diligently and continually learn and practise the Dharma.
[6] To solve the dangerous problem of repetitive backsliding from life to life, all Buddhas, as stated in the Immeasurable Life Sutra and Amitabha Sutra, repeatedly urge beings of their worlds to seek birth in Amitabha Buddha’s (Amituofo) Pure Land, where we will all crystal clearly remember all our past lives, while being in the best Dharma school for swiftly training towards Buddhahood, with no more possibility of backsliding. This does not forsake other beings still in Samsara, as it is wise to train well on the Bodhisattva path by learning from a Buddha in person, so as to most efficiently guide everyone else!
[7] As Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche mentioned, the institution of recognising and enthroning tulkus is part of Tibetan culture that arose much later after the Buddha’s time. ‘If the Tibetans are not careful, this tulku system is going to ruin Buddhism… Buddhism is more important than tulku system.’ He was warning about how attachment to power (due to spiritual status) and money can spur corruption. (Think the communist Chinese government’s insistence of the 14th Dalai Lama to be reborn at their will.) While there is clearly great value in maintaining the tulku system, there is also value in forgoing it? Without searching for and having high expectations of ‘special ones’, will they fare spiritually better or worse personally and for the world? Due to the complexities of each case, there is perhaps no universal answer.
– Anonone
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Related Course:
Introduction To Pure Land Buddhism: Understanding Amituofo Via The Amitabha Sutra
https://thedailyenlightenment.com/2016/07/understanding-amituofo-via-the-amitabha-sutra-18th-run
Related Articles:
Beware Of Fake ‘Reborn Masters’ (False ‘Tulkus’)
https://thedailyenlightenment.com/2015/05/beware-of-fake-reborn-masters-false-tulkus
An Open Letter To Buddhist Practitioners
https://thedailyenlightenment.com/2015/02/an-open-letter-to-buddhist-practitioners
Are You Recycling Yourself Every Three Lifetimes?
https://thedailyenlightenment.com/2010/08/are-you-recycling-yourself-every-three-lifetimes
How Death Hinders Progress To Liberation
https://thedailyenlightenment.com/2013/04/how-death-hinders-progress-to-liberation
How To Sabotage Yourself In This & Future Lives?
https://thedailyenlightenment.com/2015/05/how-to-sabotage-yourself-in-this-future-lives
About The Film ‘Tulku’
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku_%28film%29
From http://tricycle.org/trikedaily/time-for-radical-change-in-how-we-raise-our-tulkus :
Time for Radical Change in How We Raise Our Tulkus
Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse writes that current training is not preparing young lineage holders for maturity and spiritual leadership.
By Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse RinpocheAUG 22, 2016
The recent statement by Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche 4th: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/monk-announces-renunciation-on-facebook/1/738911.html that he has given up his role brings up a lot of mixed feelings from many different angles.
On the one hand, as a Jamyang Khyentse tulku closely connected to Jamgon Kongtrul for several lifetimes, my concern is for the buddhadharma and especially for the Rime (nonsectarian) spirit that our supposed earlier incarnations shared.
On the other hand, as human beings, we just can’t help making comparisons. And so I find myself comparing my generation of tulkus with this present generation.
In my time we went through a lot of hardship, eating nothing but rice and potatoes for up to a year, traveling on India’s cheapest public transportation, sleeping on railway platforms, having no more than 10 rupees in our pockets for six or seven months, getting by with one pencil for a year, and even having to share our study books with 18 other students. As a child I had just two handmade toys that I made myself.
Worse, my tutor confined me to one room not just for a few weeks or months but for a whole year, so that even going to the toilet became a long awaited excursion. We also suffered regular verbal and physical abuse that went as far as making us bleed from the head and whipping us with nettles.
I am not justifying or romanticizing any of this. But by comparison, our present generation of tulkus is utterly spoiled and has the easiest ride. Yet on further contemplation, these young tulkus today have their own share of challenges that are in some ways far more difficult than those we faced.
The world is now much smaller and more open, and so, expectations are very much higher. Tulkus with some lineage history behind them are always under the spotlight from all directions. This is especially true for tulkus who are put on thrones at a young age, given titles like “His Holiness,” and for whom trumpets are blown every time they arrive.
All this hype and more inevitably backfires by raising expectations and putting these kids under tremendous pressure. A key reason they are always under the spotlight is simply that today’s institutions have continuously put them under the spotlight. There is no indication that this is going to get any easier in the years ahead.
In the midst of these huge changes, Jamgon Kongtrul 4th’s decision pushes us to acknowledge and examine some fundamental flaws in the way tulkus are presently taught and raised. This is a very complicated subject, but it must be addressed, which is the intent of this article.
Why our young tulkus need training
One key complication comes from students and disciples not knowing how to balance their pure perception of these young boys. This may come from their genuine dharma practice, with their cultural preconceptions that often put adulation and veneration above clear seeing.
As individual Vajrayana practitioners, we are supposed to have pure perception towards our gurus. For those with the capacity or ability, that pure perception and devotion should not change even if the guru’s form changes. In fact, I have seen great practitioners look at their guru’s young incarnation and, without any doubt, clearly see their actual guru beyond the particular age, size, appearance or nationality of the incarnation. Ideally, this is what individual practitioners are supposed to do.
Of course this does not mean that a child who is supposedly the incarnation of a great master has no responsibility to learn and be trained. If, at best, the child is an exceptional and genuine reincarnation manifesting as a complete continuum from the previous life, then of course any training or upbringing is arbitrary. But if not, then the child needs to be trained to take responsibility for his or her own actions.
So while disciples of a previous master may have pure perception towards the new incarnation and practice their devotional duties wholeheartedly, the tulku himself also needs to fulfill the role and responsibility of whatever reincarnation he has chosen to be.
The reality today is that, even though these kids may be genuine tulkus, many of them have not even learned to wipe their own noses, let alone to manifest intact all the qualities of their previous incarnations such as omniscience.
Moving from one life to the next is not like moving from one room to another. There have been tremendous changes over time, which require new forms of training if these tulkus are to manifest their true nature and qualities. Blind student adoration, often arising from cultural preconceptions, conceals from us the need to reexamine the training these young tulkus actually need.
In fact, it’s worth noting that these tulkus are often not genuine reincarnations at all, but they are given the “tulku” label as a child with the aspiration that it will benefit them and others. In such cases, the term “tulku” may simply be a symbolic label that will certainly not manifest without proper training.
Either way, these young tulkus are still just kids who need to be trained, properly raised, and given initiations and teachings—and not just intellectually and academically. We need to make them confident and at the same time humble. We need to make them sublime and at the same time human.
And above all, of the most paramount importance, we need them to become genuine spiritual practitioners. After all, they are supposed to be spiritual leaders and lineage holders, not simply political leaders or village heads. And if they are not true dharma practitioners, what hope is there?
Fundamental flaws in current pedagogy
Our pedagogy and way of raising tulkus have not changed with the times, and I have to say that Tibetans, especially in monasteries, are extraordinarily stubborn and resistant to change.
There have been superficial changes, if merely because teachers could today go to prison for the way they raised us. There may be no beatings today, and there may even be weekend holidays, plenty of family visits, and lots of toys. But that doesn’t mean the pedagogy has fundamentally changed or adapted to the times.
Tulkus today are put on thrones and surrounded by an entourage that is often more interested in perpetuating the institution than in bringing up the next spiritual and lineage leaders. All the accompanying paraphernalia of processions, carpets, brocades, and jade cups may make the tulku look exotic and special, but they don’t mean that he’s been trained.
All this hoopla may seem to work at a young age, because if you wash and shampoo even a street kid and sit him on brocades, he will look impressive at least for a few hours. If a very young tulku even smiles in that kind of lofty atmosphere, devotees will interpret it as some kind of amazing sign.
But this substitution of show for real training becomes a serious problem over time, as it exerts an insidious but strong pressure on the young tulku over time. After all, there is no pressure greater and more severe than the expectations of others.
So when hundreds if not thousands of eyes are looking and judging everything these tulkus do, they can end up isolated and imprisoned in one of the loneliest and most alienating zones imaginable.
Misguided focus on image and wealth—a formula for pressure
The world’s growing materialism and affluence have found their way into our monasteries and religious institutions, where many high lamas and especially lineage holders now lead a lifestyle so lavish and so isolated and estranged from ordinary realities that they could almost be emperors!
This may have worked—and I am not saying it did work—in Tibet, where few questions were asked and where there was little scrutiny and huge devotion. But in the long run, seeing the highest lamas, whom novices are supposed to emulate, living extravagant nouveau-riche lifestyles complete with gold watches and bracelets, sends seriously wrong signals.
First and foremost, this “model” simply does nothing to encourage people to practice the dharma, especially young monks newly enrolled in a monastery, and whose thinking may not be very sophisticated. After all, there is a reason why Sakyamuni Buddha chose to appear barefoot with a begging bowl—because the austerity, renunciation, and simplicity this symbolized has real meaning.
I am not saying that the head lamas today should all suddenly go around with begging bowls. But it is so necessary for them to exude some sort of unpretentious humility and to project an image of simple living.
A good example of the change that’s needed is the behavior of many of us lamas at the annual winter prayer gatherings and festivals under the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya. I often can’t help but wonder what other Buddhists, like the Theravada practitioners, think of our lamas sitting on thrones that may even be higher than some of the Buddha statues around them.
Of course, the path of tantra trains us to perceive our guru as the embodiment of all the buddhas. But in places like Bodh Gaya, where statues and symbols are profoundly meaningful for the general public and for all Buddhists, there is no one above the Buddha. So Bodh Gaya would be a good place for our lamas to start practicing simplicity and humility!
I suppose that seeing a wealthy monastic or lineage head might impress some nomadic Tibetans or overly enthusiastic Chinese students. But, subconsciously or consciously, it really establishes the bad habit of the model that a lama must have wealth or rank.
Such a message is fundamentally wrong from a basic Buddhist perspective. After all, the Buddha is by far the most important person on earth for Buddhists. And the most important act of the Buddha was to gain enlightenment after defeating the maras. That great event took place on a simple cushion of grass and bodhi leaves, without thrones, brocades, or any other such trappings.
In short, beside from inadvertently turning our young tulkus into spoiled brats, the current focus on wealth and privilege as part of tulku training is anathema to Buddhist pedagogy and its core values.
The prison of privilege
Purposefully or not, monasteries these days often seem to find and enthrone a tulku who happens to come from a wealthy or powerful family. Whatever the intentions, the tulku is today still used as the monastery’s main attraction, since far more people go to a monastery to see a tulku or high lama than to see the monastery for its own sake. This is especially true if the tulku’s name is preceded by “His Holiness” or “His Eminence,” along with an exotic description of how the tulku is a reincarnation of one of the greatest past masters.
Incidentally, terms like “His Holiness” are not even Buddhist but are borrowed straight from Christianity. So Tibetan lamas’ obsession with such Christian titles is really mind-boggling, and it is downright embarrassing when they put “His Holiness” in front of a toddler’s name. At best, Christians must be laughing at us, especially since the average age at which the papal title of “His Holiness” is bestowed on the appointed bishop is in the mid-60s.
And yet, because these young reincarnate lamas are such great assets to monasteries, we have predictably seen an unseemly rush to find and enthrone tulkus, of whom there seem to be far more today than we saw three or four decades ago.
In fact, not long after enthronement and all the associated hype, it is not surprising to find many of these tulkus, often from a very early age, being given some kind of project or operation—whether to save the environment or to build a stupa, shedra, or giant statue of some bodhisattva. It’s almost as if, in order to be a good lama, he must then have a project.
But on closer scrutiny these activities are almost always tools to generate income, and we know how poor the Tibetan system is in issues of transparency and good governance with respect to public donations.
The encounter of East and Southeast Asian cultural traditions of blind devotion and lavish offerings, with a feudal Tibetan tulku system of no checks and balances, has also hindered the development of a modern system of tulku training. Those tender-aged boys end up forgetting that money does not grow on trees, and they have no idea how people have sweat and bled to produce the offerings now heaped up on them.
With so much wealth, privilege, and adoration as the prize, it’s no wonder that we now find so many parents eager to have their kids enthroned as one high lama or another. Little do they know how much their children will suffer.
Being an incarnate tulku is really like being put into one of the most unimaginable prisons. You put the child in the most comfortable situation with the brightest brocades, feed him ice cream, and give him toys, gifts, and respect. And at the same time you systematically alienate him from developing into a proper human being who can deal with the human world.
The real pain will come later when these young tulkus grow up, with their hormones out of control, no idea about worldly realities, and feeling totally useless. They will not even know how to interact with the world in the most basic ways, let alone how to be a leader. How can such a tulku ever be a genuine spiritual guide to students?
Breeding ground for hypocrisy
Trying to maintain outer images of privilege and respect under the intense public spotlight constantly on our young tulkus inevitably breeds hypocrisy.
For example, young tulkus are told they have to be pure and be monks. But measuring their purity from a very young age according to who is celibate or not creates huge pressure and can be dangerous, because such external standards are really a hit-and-miss game. After all, when we work with people’s hormones, we really don’t have much control.
But even according to the vinaya, it’s just not permissible to impose celibacy vows on someone against their free will or as a result of peer or social pressure, as so often happens with young monks these days. It’s worth remembering that Sakyamuni Buddha himself became a renunciant by choice only after he had been married and had a child.
So strong has this social pressure become over time that, when one of the previous Khamtrul Rinpoches decided to give up his celibacy, one of his monks wanted to assassinate him.
Of course it can’t be denied that some of the young monks pressured to be celibate at a young age have ended up becoming really good monks. But far too often, imposing celibacy in the face of today’s intense social pressure and cyber-entertainment turns many of our young tulkus into hypocrites forced to hide their “faults.”
This culture of pretense is reinforced as the tulkus realize that their peers, and sometimes their superiors, are also practicing hypocrisy. A pedagogy that encourages such hypocrisy is hugely misguided and can even produce grossly aberrant behavior.
Pedagogy for today’s world and for the future
On the other hand, I also have genuine empathy for the labrangs, monks, and others responsible for training our young incarnate lamas. They generally mean so well and have such good intentions, but they just don’t know how to raise a child in today’s world and have simply not adapted to current conditions.
Beyond just academics, our young tulkus need to learn how to queue up for things that need queueing, how to share what should be shared, and other basic elements of human decency and social contract. When they are served and offered everything, many of these tulkus never learn even the simple human knowledge of sharing, and end up ill-equipped to live in the world. They not only need leadership training, but need a basic course in human relationship.
Tutors and caretakers must know that, out of frustration, some of these young tulkus have even burned themselves or cut themselves with razors—as other troubled teenagers have also done. Such behavior alerts us to what a dangerous time and precarious age this is.
Just to bring up an ordinary kid and especially a teenager in this day and age is extraordinarily challenging, as all parents know. How much more difficult, then, to raise a child and teenager who is supposed to lead much more than just a family estate or family lineage. Yet our tulku handlers have almost no knowledge and experience in the basic human training required to bring up children in today’s world.
Sadly, the tulku trainers often worry more about how these small children, often no more than toddlers, will behave and are treated in public than about them as basic human beings. Their constant worry about who gets the higher seat and better treatment and about how many cars will be in the tulku’s convoy, and how many people turn up at the airport to receive them has fundamentally changed the minds of these tulkus, and not for the better.
We see this changed attitude today in the increasing number of “double tulkus” and the multiple claims by different aspirants to be the reincarnation of the same past master. What we have yet to witness is even one tulku saying: “Oh no, I am not the right one; the other lama is the right incarnation.” Instead they clutch onto their titles with so much clinging and grasping, it can hardly be deemed a worthy “Buddhist” characteristic.
And we see a similar troubling change in attitudes towards the teachings themselves. In my day we would actively seek out teachers and teachings, traveling far and wide even with almost nonexistent means of transport. I remember well once when I actually walked from Gorakpur to Lumbini, and then hitched a ride on a tractor to Biratnagar, just to receive a teaching from the Karmapa in Nepal. Somehow my generation’s tutors instilled in us that passion and willingness to make sacrifices for a word of the precious teachings.
Today we can almost forget about our young tulkus eagerly seeking out teachers or teachings. Instead we have to be really pleased if they even express some interest in a teaching and summon the teacher to them. In the Buddhist tradition, this change in attitude towards the teachings is deeply mistaken.
How many have noticed, for instance, that photographs of young tulkus these days hardly ever show them sitting below their teacher and offering veneration, let alone bowing down to them? Yet such a sight would be so helpful as an example. It is understandable to put a kid on a throne on the day of his enthronement, but it is really unwise to keep putting him on a throne from then on right through puberty.
Tibetans mostly think that raising a tulku comes only from having a tutor, receiving lots of teachings, memorizing lots of texts, and learning rituals. What they don’t realize, although it’s very fundamental and simple, is that the larger training comes from the environment where the tulku is raised and more critically, from how the tulku is raised.
Social and cultural barriers to a genuine tulku training pedagogy
Again, I don’t want to put the entire responsibility for the shortcomings in today’s methods of raising tulkus on the labrangs and monks directly in charge of this training. In fact, a large reason for the situation can be attributed to traditional societies like the Tibetan and Bhutanese, which are a complex mixture of heartfelt devotion and outdated cultural baggage.
I often imagine how some of these high lamas must dream of walking alone and carrying their own bags, drinking tea in a chai shop, or riding in a rickshaw. It’s only their zealous entourage that won’t let them do this, because there is such strong pressure from our traditional societies to make these lamas act in certain ways, and for devotees to surround the lamas with attendants, servants, brocades, and all manner of traditional and modern emblems of status.
There’s even an eastern Tibetan saying that was used to scold me when I was growing up, that lamas should be like a gold statue—meaning we should sit very still, not look right or left, and act more like a precious object than a human being. There’s another saying that a snow lion must remain as a snow lion in the high mountains, because if he comes down to the ground, he will be mistaken for a dog.
These two idioms really say it all, revealing not only how lamas are actively discouraged from mingling with ordinary people but also how obsolete is our traditional pedagogy for raising lamas for a contemporary society.
The hard reality is that a golden statue cannot even feed itself. It belongs to an owner who has the power to sell it, or at least sell tickets to those who want to see it. And lamas, like the snow lion, know virtually nothing about what is going on in the ordinary world. So how can these lamas teach the truth of suffering, when they are constantly shielded from it, and when the only suffering they know is what is read about in the texts.
In fact, that is precisely a big part of the problem—that the present pedagogy remains largely intellectual, divorced from the world, and unable to make our tulkus into genuine dharma practitioners. Yes, these young tulkus may chant mantras, get up early, and even do sadhanas, pujas, and receive ordination.
But, as Atisha said, genuine dharma practitioners must fundamentally learn not to be interested in worldly life or in this life altogether. For a start, that means not caring about the height of their thrones, the number of their students, their titles, or the make of their watches.
Stuck in a time warp
In sum, the present Tibetan tradition is training tulkus toward the exact opposite of true leadership. This is not to deny the merits of the traditional system, which in the past has produced a certain elegance alongside real scholarship and discipline.
But a closer analysis reveals an unacceptable tradeoff in failing to prepare our tulkus to function in this world, let alone in the totally different world we will be living in 20 years from now.
Our tulku training system remains stuck somewhere in the 1930s or 40s, never acknowledging that this is 2016, and certainly not preparing our young tulkus for the world of 2026 when they will reach maturity and supposedly assume the mantle of spiritual leadership. What are we doing to prepare our tulkus for a future era in which Apple produces a chip that tulkus can wear to connect to broadband and explore the world of sex, drugs and money?
It’s no wonder that by the time our young tulkus grow up and reach their 20s, they have often become completely strange, knowing nothing about the world, and with their labrangs, staff, and close relatives appearing to dictate every movement of their lives. The problem is worse when these labrang members themselves are corrupt and given to nepotism, as is too often the case.
As a result, the scene that newcomers to Tibetan Buddhism encounter can be hugely confusing, with supposedly omniscient lamas unable even to control their closest attendants. Tibetans will excuse such blatantly strange behavior by saying it’s not the lama’s fault—the lama is always great—but his attendant or consort is the problem.
But somehow this doesn’t wash in the face of the bald reality that our tulkus are rarely genuine dharma practitioners, and are largely out of touch and dysfunctional in their own lives, let alone capable of providing true leadership to students and disciples. I can only pray that their odd behavior has some invisible benefit that can’t be conceptualized by ordinary beings like myself.
Aspiration for our upcoming tulkus
And so, for all these reasons showing the serious failure to adapt traditional pedagogical methods for tulkus to today’s world, I have to say that personally, I have no judgment about what Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche is doing. Though I have no direct knowledge of him, I have heard a lot of great things about him, and for many reasons have the deep aspiration and hope that he will truly shine forth.
For one thing, as I said at the start, I am supposedly a Khyentse incarnation, so it’s always good for us to have a Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche who genuinely shares certain values.
At a basic human level, I really don’t care whether Jamgon Kongtrul 4th wants to become a doctor or not. It could actually turn out to be great and very inspiring. He could be a watchmaker for all I care; some of our greatest past masters included an arrow-maker, a sesame oil extractor, a farmer, a barber, and even a prostitute. By comparison, being a doctor sounds much more respectable!
In fact Jamgon Kongtrul’s choice could be an excellent antidote to a fundamental flaw in the Tibetan Buddhist monastic situation, which is to make Buddhism itself into a profession designed to ensure the survival of monks, monasteries, and dharma teachers. While this Buddhist “profession” has its historical roots in the understandable need for monastic survival, it leads to a lot of misunderstanding and may not be helping the wider propagation of the buddhadharma in this day and age.
For this reason, I’ve also advised my friends, colleagues, and fellow Rinpoches time and again that when they teach non-Tibetans, to not encourage wearing Tibetan robes or any sort of Buddhist garb. By contrast, seeing a Buddhist practitioner in army uniform, suit and tie, or other normal dress sends the message that Buddhism can be practiced by everyone.
The moment a lama imposes some sort of special robes, which is such a deeply ingrained habit, it immediately excludes others and creates a cultish atmosphere. In my view one of the key reasons the number of Buddhists worldwide is decreasing while other religions like Islam are growing is our habit of introverted exclusivism.
In sum, Jamgon Kongtrul’s choice to become a doctor could end up being perfect and may genuinely serve the buddhadharma in the long run. But what I hope, wish, and pray is that, in whatever form he takes, Jamgon Kongtrul 4th will work wholeheartedly for the dharma; not just for one lineage but for all lineages, as his earlier incarnation did.
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Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche is a Bhutanese lama and filmmaker. At age 7, he was recognized as the incarnation of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820—1892), one of the greatest Tibetan lamas of the 19th century.
Re: I question if I am a reincarnated Tibetan. I wrote something in a script that I now understand is Tibetan? Who can I contact to learn more.
Reply: What did you write? Truth is, we are reborn versions of all kinds of races, and it doesn’t matter much what previous race we are of. What matters is to learn and practise the Dharma now to advance towards liberation.
Who do you contact if you feel that you are a tulku? Is there a correct and recognised method of consulting lineage holders, and those that would recognise a tulku?
1. You should seek personal audience with each of the four Tibetan lineage holders to enquire on your questions above, perhaps via letters first, to request for meetings.
2. There should certainly not be asking of anyone else, who are surely not recognised tulkus. Even junior recognised tulkus might not be qualified to recognise other tulkus.
3. There should be special attention on the above article too. Do read it fully. Whether one is a tulku or not, as shown, there might be the possibility of backsliding. Such uncertainty you have now, if you are indeed a ‘tulku’, reflects this.
4. These articles should be of interest too:
Beware Of Fake Reborn Masters (False ‘Tulkus’)
https://thedailyenlightenment.com/2015/05/beware-of-fake-reborn-masters-false-tulkus/
[Brief Review] What If You Are A ‘Tulku’?
https://thedailyenlightenment.com/2015/05/brief-review-what-if-you-are-a-tulku-recognised-reborn-master
See especially, its last paragraph, and the Related Articles at the end.